BRONZE AGE AND IRON AGE / THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND

 INTRODUCTION TO BRONZE AGE 

The Bronze Age is a period of human history characterized by the widespread use of bronze, a copper alloy, in tools, weapons, and other objects. It is generally considered to have lasted from around 3000 BCE to 1200 BCE, although the exact dates vary by region.

HISTORICAL RECORD OF USE OF BRONZE

The Bronze Age began in the Near East, specifically in the region that is now Iraq, where copper and tin were readily available. The Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE, were among the first to use bronze extensively. They created tools, weapons, and other objects by casting molten bronze into molds.

ADDOPTION OF BRONZE BY OTHER CIVILIZATIONS 

The use of bronze quickly spread throughout the Near East, and by 2500 BCE, the Akkadians and Babylonians were producing bronze objects in large quantities. Bronze also became popular in Egypt, where it was used to make weapons, tools, and art objects. The ancient Egyptians developed sophisticated techniques for casting bronze and were known for their elaborate bronze sculptures.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRONZE AGE

Bronze technology eventually spread to Europe, where it had a significant impact on the development of early civilizations. The Bronze Age in Europe is generally divided into three phases: the Early Bronze Age (3000 BCE to 2000 BCE), the Middle Bronze Age (2000 BCE to 1600 BCE), and the Late Bronze Age (1600 BCE to 1200 BCE).

EARLY BRONZE AGE 

During the Early Bronze Age, several distinct cultures emerged in Europe, including the Beaker culture in Western Europe and the Unetice culture in Central Europe. These cultures produced a wide range of bronze objects, including weapons, tools, and ornaments.

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

In the Middle Bronze Age, the Mycenaean civilization emerged in Greece, which was famous for its intricate bronze artwork and weaponry. The Mycenaeans traded extensively throughout the Mediterranean and were known for their maritime prowess.

LATE BRONZE AGE

The Late Bronze Age was marked by the emergence of powerful civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean, including the Hittites in Anatolia, the Mycenaeans in Greece, and the Minoans in Crete. These civilizations produced large quantities of bronze objects, including weapons, tools, and art objects.

CONCLUSIONS OF BRONZE AGE

The Bronze Age came to an end around 1200 BCE, when the use of iron began to replace bronze. The reasons for this transition are not entirely clear, but some scholars believe that it was due to a shortage of tin, which was necessary for making bronze. Whatever the reason, the end of the Bronze Age marked a significant turning point in human history, as it paved the way for the Iron Age and the emergence of new civilizations and technologies.


INRODUCTION TO IRON AGE

The Iron Age is a period of human history characterized by the widespread use of iron tools and weapons. It began around 1200 BCE and lasted until the advent of the Classical era, around 500 BCE. The Iron Age saw the rise of many civilizations and the development of new technologies, including iron plows and improved metallurgy.

HISTORICAL RECORD OF IRON USE 

The Iron Age began in the Near East, where iron was first discovered and used for tools and weapons. Iron was more abundant than copper or tin, the metals used in making bronze, but it was also more difficult to extract and work with. Early iron objects were made by heating iron ore in a charcoal fire until the iron separated from the rock and could be hammered into shape.

ORIGIN OF IRON USE

The use of iron quickly spread throughout the Near East and Europe, and by the 9th century BCE, iron was being produced in large quantities in places like the Levant, Anatolia, and Greece. Iron was used to make a wide variety of tools, weapons, and other objects, including plows, axes, swords, and armor.

USE OF IRON IN TECHNOLOGIES 

The Iron Age saw the rise of many powerful civilizations, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians in the Near East, and the Greeks and Romans in Europe. These civilizations used iron to build armies and conquer vast territories, and they developed sophisticated technologies for working with iron, including blast furnaces and crucibles.

ADVANCEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE

In addition to military technology, the Iron Age also saw significant advances in agriculture. The use of iron plows allowed farmers to till the soil more effectively and increase food production. This led to the growth of larger settlements and cities, as well as the development of trade networks that spanned continents.

DEVELOPMENTS IN IRON AGE  

The Iron Age also saw significant cultural developments. The Greeks and Romans, in particular, produced remarkable works of art, literature, and philosophy that have had a lasting impact on Western culture. The Greeks developed the concept of democracy and made significant advances in mathematics, philosophy, and science, while the Romans built roads, aqueducts, and other engineering marvels that still stand today.

CONCLUSIONS

The Iron Age came to an end with the advent of the Classical era, which saw the rise of new civilizations and technologies, including the use of coinage and the development of democracy. However, the legacy of the Iron Age can still be seen in many aspects of modern life, from the use of iron in construction to the enduring influence of ancient Greek and Roman culture.

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